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Randhra / Ayur / Mrityu Bhava


DOMAIN 8


Sudden, Forced Changes

Turning of the Cycle of Birth & Death

Transformations, Secret Knowledge, Surgery, Sorcery, Tantra, Magic, Death of Spouse, Circumstances of Death

"The Cauldron"


8th-from-any-house - 8th-from-Chandra

randhra =

  • aperture

  • opening

  • a hole

  • a weak or vulnerable point

  • a symbolical expression for the number 'nine' (there being nine openings in the human body)

  • the vulva

  • name of the 8th astrological mansion

  • a mischief

--- Vaman Shivaram Apte, Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary, at http://aa2411s.aa.tufs.ac.jp/~tjun/sktdic/ 


mrit =

  • to decay , be dissolved


ayus =

  • life , vital power , vigour , health , duration of life , long life

  • active power , efficacy

  • the totality of living beings

  • of the eighth lunar mansion

  • food


-- Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionary


~~  Mahamrityunjaya Mantra


"Ubi virus, ibi virtus" -- "the strongest poisons make the best medicines"


Body Parts

  • pelvis

  • external genitalia

  • anus

  • dangerous allergies and mysterious diseases (threat from hidden forces)


Randhra Bhava indicates longevity, battle, enemies, forts, wealth of the dead, and things that have happened and are to happen (in the past and future births) and accidents.  

~~ BPHS Ch. 11, Shloka 9 "Indications of Randhra Bhava"


From the eighth house know about private parts and their diseases, longevity etc.  

-- Madhya Parashari, Ch. 9 , Shloka 8


How to read the effects of dusthana lords:


"The lord of 8, wherever he stands or whatever he aspects, destroys the effect of the house He occupies or the planet He aspects.  

  • If the lord of 8 is strong, the good effects of the planet as such (without reference to the houses where it is posited or aspects) will come to pass in its Dasa and Bhukthi periods.  

  • If the lord of 8 is weak, none of the good effects will be felt.  Only bad results will be felt.

... If the lord of 8 is strong and occupies a dusthana evil effects will be greater. 

In this way, read the effects of the lord of 3, 6, 8, and 12."


- B. V. Raman,  A Catechism of Astrology, p. 91


[Eighth] house denotes wills, legacies, chronic diseases, loss of wealth, extravagance, suits & quarrels, death, co-workers & occult matters. 

Planets occupying this house incline to an interest in occult science; if without a planet, life runs on conventional lines till the ruler receives strong aspects.

~~ Das


  • Randhra means "aperture" or opening.  

  • The eighth house provides an opening onto mysteries of the "secret" or unseen.


"Randhra" or how he/she Opens, is seen via: 

  • 8th house from radix lagna 

  • 8th house from Chandra

  • 8th house from Saturn (Shani is karaka of 8th house)


"... both the 8th from Shani and 12th from Shani stand for consideration .. in respect of ... death."

-- BPHS, Ch. 7, Shloka 39-43]


The astrological picture of hidden matters, conditions of death, & healing powers is expanded by noting: I

  1. radix lord of 8th-from-lagna

  2. radix lord of 8th-from-Chandra

  3. 8th-from-8th, or Sahaja bhava

  4. radix (D-1) planets in the 8th rashi =Vrischikha (Scorpio)

  5. lord of radix L-8 within navamsha [D-9]

  6. Lord of the 8th Navamsha, as He behaves in radix

  7. 8th house within D-8  

  8. occasionally 8th from Surya, especially if Surya occupies Scorpio


Domain-8: Yogas to Other Houses

1st-from-8th


Initiation

Transformation

Re-birth

New Beginnings

Emergent knowledge

Cycle of Birth and Death

2nd-from-7th


Spouse's Skandha: Family Culture, Historic Values, and Finances

 

 

3rd-from-6th

  • thinking about conflict and disagreement = "worry"

  • communications with enemies

  • mental condition of one's enemies

  • communications with loan-sharks, prostitutes, and drug addicts

  • mental effects of physical illness, animosity, or debt

  • anxiety, stress

  • fear of war, fear of attack

  • thinking about disease, strategic & tactical approaches to disease, detailed medical documentation

  • pharmaceutical & medical supply sales

  • selling, marketing, advertising of criminal or illegal items

4th-from-5th

  • property of one's children

  • property earned by speculation, or gambling

  • property acquired through winnings and contests

  • emotional and social security of one's children

  • emotional security gained from true Confidence

  • education of one's children

  • vehicles of one's children

  • education gained from creative explorations, adventures

  • education in performing arts

5th-from-4th

  • good luck in property matters, increases in property value

  • creativity, winnings and speculations of one's children

  • bhaga from the family rootslegacies, wills & inheritance

  • good luck & fame resulting from education & cultural foundations

  • literary & theatrical works written at home

  • children born at home, midwifery

  • creative expansion of the mother's family culture

6th-from-3rd

  • illness, debt, or conflict of siblings & team-mates

  • conflict among co-workers

  • slanderous communications

  • insult, defamation, innuendo, smear campaigns

  • debt & conflict in matters of business administration

  • business loans

  • stealing from business accounts, embezzlement

  • "wretched persons"

  • corruption, scandal, concealment

7th-from-2nd

  • values shared with others; shared values of partnership

  • joint assets of marriage

  • contracts fulfilled upon death (inheritances, wills)

  • values and hoarded wealth of the first spouse

  • previous spouse of one's 2nd spouse

8th-from-1st


Cycle of Birth & Death

Recovery

9th-from-12th

  • good fortune from meditation & private religious practice

  • blessings upon a sanctuary, hospital, ashram, or healing center

  • good results from loss of identity = meditative calm

  • spiritual benefits of traveling in foreign land

  • ceremonial religions of foreign lands (= inscrutable)

10th-from-11th

  • prestige in one's network of associates

  • position in the marketplace of goods & ideas

  • leadership position in networked businesses, such as computer networks, marketing networks

  • honor of friends

  • rules for achieving high position

11th-from-10th

  • gains from public leadership position & responsibilities

  • gains from service in iconic, high-trust positions

  • gains from high title, status & prestige, broad reputation

  • goals & achievements realized through responsibility & conformance to public law

12th-from-9th

  • loss of public priesthood, loss of ritual performance roles, 

  • loss of temple privileges

  • loss of religious fellowship, loss of company of believers

  • Shamanism

  • Tantra

  • loss of professorship, loss of guru role, loss of academic or wisdom credentials

  • loss of fatherhood, loss/absence of father

  • loss of good fortune, loss of blessings, 

  • loss of conventional wisdom

  • Difficulties of longer journeys

  • concealed wealth

  • concealed knowledge

9th-from-

12th-from-4th (stronger profile = 9th-from-

12th-from-Chandra)

Dusthana lords in house-8 = a good thing


Longevity

Domain-8 and L-8 indicate longevity.  They indicate the circumstances of death, but not the timing of death.  

(Timing of death is known by the periods of L-2 and L-7 from lagna. )

Lagna ("line") can be the lagna for any person, e.g.,

  • lagna for younger sibling = house-3; 

  • lagna for mother = house containing Chandra; 

  • lagna for oneself is generally the rashi lagna of radix

A few longevity rules:

  • if L-8 is weak, longevity is harmed; if L-8 is strong, longevity is helped

  • L-8 in house-8 gives exceptional longevity

  • Shani = the karaka for persistence & old age; in  randhra bhava, Shani gives long life

  • benefics in house-8 do not improve longevity unless L-8 is strong

  • however benefics in house-8 do signify pleasant conditions for death

  • if L-8 or house-8 receives unfavorable aspects, longevity is harmed

  • if L-8 or house-8 receives favorable aspects, longevity is helped


Dusthana lords in Domain-8: a good thing

  • when any house lord occupies randhra bhava, the matters of that lord's house are "apparently destroyed" (= undergo a hidden transformation)

  • for those who have eyes to see, the matter is radically transformed due to a sudden turn of the cycle of birth & death.  (Nothing is really lost, although the essence of the matter does acquire a new shape after the transformation.)

  • it is always good therefore when dusthana lords occupy house-8

    • L-6 in house-8 destroys enemies, debts, and disease

    • L-12 in house-8 destroys losses, including loss of identity -- gives a strong identity!

    • L-3 in house-8 makes a shaman, death-priest, or psychic who communicates with spirits of the dead; also helps writers who produce murder mysteries, and those who administer the bureaucracies of death; excellent for attorneys handling wills & estates

    • L-8 in house-8 brings legacies.  

    (Exalted benefics in house-8 bring large alimony, inheritances, and insurance settlements.)


Transformation/Destruction

Domain-8 represents the core life process of destruction & reconstitution. This is a level of consciousness to which few are invited and even fewer attend.

Domain-8 rules dramatic moments of the turning of the wheel of birth & death. In these moments, one life-force container is destroyed and the life force moves - by nature or through tantric controlled direction - into the next container or form. 

The "emerging" of the life force - caught in the moment between leaving its old container and entering its new form, is the essence of domain-8.  

When any graha occupies randhra sthana, the matters of his house are apparently destroyed.  

Actually, the matters of the house are transformed, but unless we observe the entire cycle it certainly looks like destruction.

The destructive force of house-8 can be a very good thing if a dusthana lord occupies house-8, where the negative effects of the dusthana lord do get ruined.  In general, "bad planets in bad houses give good results".

For example, when L-6  poverty, debt, conflict, disease] in house-8 = all those nasty things are destroyed.  

Barring other restrictions, the native may become very wealthy, because debt is destroyed.  Their health is generally quite good, because the disease lord is annihilated in house-8.  

Similarly, their relationships will tend to be balanced & tolerant, even without good planets in house-7, because the conflict & animosity lord has been transformed into a healing agent.  There is little contact with police and their tax situation is very favorable.

L-12 in house-8 similarly is beneficial.  L-12 gives "losses on good account" such as charitable donations, time spent meditating and not earning money, spiritual pilgrimages which deplete the native's social & financial resources, alienation, excess of imagination such as "living in one's head".  

L-12 in  randhra bhava = L-12 in 9th-from-swakshetra, which brings good dharma.  

The native is not harmed by long journeys, but rather his/her career & social standing are advanced through contact with exotic lands & foreign religions.  Meditation time bears financial fruit - often because the native learns thereby psychic skills for creating wealth through imagination, rather than through material effort. (House-8 is the seat of Tantra.) L-12 ruling "loss of ego" normally depletes the native's "cultural capital" by causing him to live as an alien in foreign lands, where his appearance is unattractive and his habits misunderstood. 

However with L-12 in house-8, native's long journeys enhance his identity in his homeland and raise his esteem in foreign lands. S/he will often with this yoga return as a traveler to ancient lands where s/he had been in the priesthood, in past lives.  Good fortune through foreign things.

Auspicious houses are deeply damaged when their lord occupies a dusthana.  

L-7-in-house-8 is famous for destroying the life of the spouse.  It may cause death or divorce (psycho-emotional death) but this situation is always perilous for marriage, and usually signifies remarriage after great effort expended in the first marriage - to no avail.  

L-10 in house-8 can be gainful because randhrastana is 11th-from-10th, but the career will lack prestige and the native will suffer repeated cycles of transformative destruction in their work.  (Excellent position for all healers: surgeons, psychiatrists/psychologists, archeologists, massage therapists, etc.) 

L-1 in house-8 is very dangerous, reducing longevity and causing affiliation with emergency scenes. The physical body undergoes constant cycles of destructive transformation and rebirth.  Physical appearance has attributes of several ethnicities or the person is psycho-emotionally allied with conflicting, unresolved cultural messages.  The cultural identity is very difficult to establish firmly; being constantly reinterpreted and redefined.  This is frequently a birth in tribal or cultural peoples who are being redefined in their greater society.  The native becomes a bridge for his people, although his own identity is permanently unstable.  Can be a brilliant healer but is often "used up" in the cultural transition process.


Hidden Truths of the Cycle of Birth and Death

The eighth radix house contains a vast amount of "hidden" information regarding the timing of the cycle of birth and death. 

Randhra is a quintessentially Tantric house.  Randhra contains the profile of one's Taboo activities and Healing powers of all kinds, but especially Sexual healing.  It is a dangerous, unpredictable, exciting, and mysterious house showing massive currents in personal and collective subconscious rising to the surface.


Mysterious and Undiagnosable Diseases - Chaos and Recovery

Periods of L-8 can induces mysterious diseases or ill-health conditions, which are very difficult to diagnose. Often the condition is "life threatening" -- yet within the period of L-8 the native recovers. For the duration of the period of L-8, the native experiences sudden body changes running out of control. 

The body changes may be subtle or dramatic overall but there are always some dramatic peaks.

Typically, no medical or psychological intervention succeeds in curing the problem. However the condition will be healed during the period of L-8. 

Periods of L-8 cause a turning of the cycle of birth and death

The result on the material plane is a  temporary physical weakening due to the deep changes which are happening in the more subtle levels or origination (causal, astral, etheric etc.) during this time.

After a life-threatening illness or accident which has been suddenly healed, the native may comprehend that in some sense one has died and been reborn. 


Recovery = "New Lease on Life"

Sometimes this initiation-transformation experience is entirely psychological (depending on the ruling graha). 

More frequently, the experience is specifically physical, and one has the sense of a "narrow escape" from death or a "new lease on life" after a catastrophic upheaval of body, mind, and spirit.


Death of Spouse and Divorce

L-8 is a timing agent for death of the spouse and/or divorce. (The variety of divorce wherein the spouse is effectively if not physically dead.) 

In the case of death or divorce of the spouse, the mandate for profound change in all of the interconnected particulate levels of being will begin quite high up in the chain of events, with divorce occurring as a trickle-down effect. 

During periods of L-8, all levels of being need to be transformed. If cataclysmic movement is required at the social level, death of spouse or divorce may occur as a form of extreme disruption of the habitual psycho-social behaviors. 

Naturally there are physical consequences following this upstream disruption, including emotional chaos and associated illnesses. Also if the process is successful one may feel reborn. 

After an L-8 period of near annihilation, the native slowly regains control of the physical body. The outcome = a different and more subtle attunement to spiritual awareness.

The nature of the conditions of near-death or severe and mysterious illness or accident will be found in the characteristics of L-8. Accident is more likely if Rahu is involved. 


Special L-8 effects for Thula lagna and Mesha lagna

For Thula lagna and Mesha lagna, L-8 = lagnesha. 

For Thula and Mesha nativities, periods of the L-8 often provide surprising "initiation" experiences which require the breakdown of some rigid, outdated habit structures in the physical body in order to permit flow of higher energies from above. 

Certain when the period of L-8 is either the first bhukti of a mahadasha, or the final Vimshottari period of a mahadasha, the "sudden, forced change" pattern is more vivid.

  • For Thula, Shukra/Shukra period and Surya/Shukra period may involve significant illness, surgery, or other method of making changes to the body. 

  • For Mesha lagna, periods of Kuja/Kuja and Rahu/Kuja are prone to serious accidents and other sudden changes for the body. Results of Rahu/Kuja depend on character of Rahu. 

The illness or sustained debility or accidental violence (particularly for Mesha lagna) may be quite frightening due to its shocking severity or mysterious nature.

However these initiation-transformations last only for the duration of the period of L-8. They should be understood as "sudden, forced change" in the structure of the physical form which is necessary to facilitate the flow of kundalini energy from higher particulate levels.


Emergencies Physical, Mental, Emotional, and Spiritual

Randhra profiles the emergence of subconsciously stored reactive patterns.  As such it is the house of Emergencies.  

Physical "emergence" such as birth is a specialty of Randhra.  We see the great midwives, surgeons, emergency physicians, paramedics, triage nurses, etc. all displaying strength in Randhra Bhava. (Usually also with an empowered Kuja.)

Mental and emotional emergence is here, as are the great psychiatrists, charismatic healers, and a multitude of therapists.  Spiritual emergence in particular is the most fascinating "peak" content of Randhra bhava.  Here we find the great tantric practitioners, magicians, shamans, and spirit channelers.


Spiritual Emergence = Essence of Domain-8

"If we accept that liberation is possible, how exactly is it to be understood?  

In the scriptures, liberation is characterized in terms of four features. 

  1. The first feature describes it as the true cessation of the continuum of afflictions

  2. According to the second feature, liberation is true peace, the state of total tranquility where the individual has attained complete freedom from all defilements of the mind

  3. It is described in the third feature as totally satisfying, because one has reached ultimate satisfaction. 

  4. Fourth, it is described as definite emergence, in the sense that one has definitely emerged from the process of unenlightened existence."

~~ H. H. Dalai Lama, The Dalai Lama's Book of Awakening


Stock market fluctuations, taxes, other unpredictable financials

The great oceanic currents of what Jung called the collective unconscious, influence group expectations and group emotional reactions.  Stock market and other financial market fluctuations are a result of randhra bhava.   A person will do well in large-scale market investments when their 8th lord is well placed and aspected; when their 5th lord is well-placed and well-aspected; and, ideally, if these two lords enjoy parivartan.

Taxes similarly are unpredictable from year to year, since they depend on fluctuations in the greater economy, actions of legislative bodies, and other group consciousness and subconscious reactivity.


Conditions (not timing) of Death

Timing of one's physical death is set via the bhukti of the 7th lord or 2nd lord from rashi Lagna or Chandra-lagna. 

The most potent and common maraka is lord of 2nd-from-lagna but the other maraka lords are occasionally strong enough to kill, as are the natural maraka's Shani, Kuja, and Rahu.  

Conditions of death rather than timing of death are indicated by the character of Randhra Bhava and its lord. 

For example, if a person has Venus in randhra bhava in a good sign with nice aspects, she can expect to have sickness on and off throughout life but she will be comfortable at the time of death.  There will be pleasure of good food or massage at the time of passage, with perhaps a benefit of pain-killing drugs or a nice glass of wine to smooth the transition.

Alternatively Mars in domain-8 suggests death by accident, whereas Saturn in the 8th house often gives longevity by binding the person to earth long after they would prefer to have left.

Hora Sara says, "Note the graha occupying Randhra Bhava. 

  • If it is Surya, the death is through fire; 

  • if it is Chandra: fire; 

  • if it is Mangala: weapons; 

  • if it is Budha: fall; 

  • if it is Guru: fever; 

  • if it is Shukra: indigestion; 

  • and if it is Shani: hunger. 

Depending on Ayur Bhava occupying a movable, fixed, or dual Rashi, death will be 

  • in foreign, 

  • in one's own house, 

  • or while on the move." 


Death by hanging is indicated if Surya is in Yuvati Bhava along with Rahu or Ketu while Shukra is in Randhra Bhava.

-- Hora Sara, Chap. 26, Shloka 24



Death of First Spouse

2nd-from any house indicates the "Sensual saturation", "completion" or "death" or "it is done" regarding matters of that house.  

2nd-from-7th profiles the death of the first spouse.  

Commonly in long-life, divorce-tolerant cultures of the West, randhra bhava profiles the emotional termination of the first marriage itself rather than the physical death of the first spouse. 

Timing of divorce may correspond to periods of L-6 (12th-from-7th for loss of agreement) or periods of Ketu, but the emotional effects of a divorce which give "virtual widowhood" as if the spouse were dead, can be seen through domain-8.

Genuine death of the first spouse is certainly seen in domain-8, or alternately in 2nd-from-Shukra.  


Wealth of first spouse 

2nd-from any house also indicates the "dhana" or wealth of that house.  2nd-from-7th profiles the wealth of the first spouse.  

  • Similarly, 2nd-from-2nd or sahaja bhava indicates wealth of the second spouse.

  • 2nd-from-9th or karmaa bhava shows wealth of the third spouse.

  • Etc.


Difficulties in long journey

Long journeys are profiled in dharma bhava.  As 12th-from-9th, Randhra bhava displays the dissolution of ego attachment, tendency to wander, under-the-table dealings, and other loss of connections with the healthy material world which are the characteristics of the 12th house.

If you are planning a long journey, be sure to evaluate the role of the 8th lord during the time period of your travels.  Bhukti of the 8th lord in combination with a transit of the 8th lord through the 9th house, or transit of 8th lord to the position of the 9th lord, would be highly unfavorable indicators - particularly if the goal of your journey is material gain, such as a business trip.

However if your long journey is authentically spiritual pilgrimage, during which you are consciously soliciting experiences of detachment and ego-dissolution, you might discover some hidden spiritual benefits to such difficulties as you may encounter on your travels.  In such a case where overtly spiritual objectives dominate the journey, a conscious person might willingly undertake tapasya (austerities) in order to burn off karma of past mistakes.

As always in Jyotisha, there is no inherently good or bad situation.  The key to happiness is correct motivation.


Insurance

Ayur bhava rules all types of insurance and the modern insurance industry as a whole.  Persons working in some aspect of the insurance business will have some prominent astrological connection to the eighth house through the professional houses 7 and 10.  

Timing of matters connected to insurance will depend on the behavior of the 8th lord.  

A natural benefic in the 8th house or the 8th lord well placed, indicates ease of access in drawing payments or services from insurance agencies, including the large government-funded public welfare programs such as socialized medicine, national unemployment insurance, old-age pensions, food grants, and education.


Maternal great grandfather & paternal great grandmother

  • mother's father's father [maternal great grandfather]

=     9th-from-9th-from-4th

 =    your randhra bhava, 8th house

  • father's father's mother [paternal great grandmother]

=     4th-from-9th-from-9th

=    your randhra bhava, 8th house

Gain insight into their psychic influence upon you by understanding the mystical perceptions and healing powers you own through your randhra bhava.  Generally these important relatives have left their bodies before or during our childhoods, but they continue to exercise guiding influence throughout our lives.


 

"Why is it that we don't succeed in enjoying the lasting happiness that we are seeking? And why are we so often faced with suffering and misery instead?

Buddhism explains that our normal state of mind is such that our thoughts & emotions are wild & unruly, and since we lack the mental discipline needed to tame them, we are powerless to control them.

As a result, they control us. And thoughts & emotions, in their turn, tend to be controlled by our negative impulses rather than our positive ones.

We need to reverse this cycle, so that our thoughts & emotions are freed from their subservience to negative impulses, and so we ourselves, as individuals, gain control of our own minds."


~~ H. H. Dalai Lama. (2003). Transforming the Mind: Teachings on Generating Compassion. www.snowlionpub.com


 

As a basis for change, we need to recognize that as long as we live in this world we will encounter problems, things that obstruct the fulfillment of our goals. If, when these happen, we lose hope and become discouraged, we diminish our ability to face these difficulties.

If, on the other hand, we remember that not just we but everyone has to undergo suffering, this more realistic perspective will increase our determination and our capacity to overcome troubles. 

By remembering the suffering of others, by feeling compassion for others, our own suffering becomes manageable. 

Indeed, with this attitude, each new obstacle can be seen as yet another valuable opportunity to improve our mind, another opportunity for deepening our compassion!

With each new experience, we can strive gradually to become more compassionate; that is, we can develop both genuine sympathy for others' suffering and the will to help remove their pain. 

As a result, our own serenity and inner strength will increase.


~~  H.H. Dalai Lama. (2003). The Compassionate LifeWisdom Pub.


(Taxes)

When government-funded NASA first started sending up astronauts, they quickly discovered that ball-point pens would not work in zero gravity.  

To combat this problem, NASA scientists spent a decade and $12 billion developing a pen that writes in zero gravity, upside down, underwater, on almost any surface including glass and at temperatures ranging from below freezing to over 300 C.

The Russians used a pencil.


 

As human beings, we are all the same. So there is no need to build some kind of artificial barrier between us. At least my own experience is that if you have this kind of attitude, there is no barrier. Whatever I feel, I can express; I can call you 'my old friend'. There is nothing to hide, and no need to say things in a way that is not straightforward. 

So this gives me a kind of space in my mind, with the result that I do not have to be suspicious of others all the time. And this really gives me inner satisfaction, and inner peace.


So I call this feeling a 'genuine realization of the oneness of the whole of humanity'. We are all members of one human family. I think that this understanding is very important, especially now that the world is becoming smaller and smaller. 

In ancient times, even in a small village, people were able to exist more or less independently. There was not so much need for others' co-operation. These days, the economic structure has completely changed.... 

We are heavily dependent on one another, and also as a result of mass communication, the barriers of the past are greatly reduced. 

Today, because of the complexity of interdependence, every crisis on this planet is essentially related with every other, like a chain reaction. 

Consequently it is worthwhile taking every crisis as a global one. Here barriers such as 'this nation' or 'that nation' , 'this continent', or 'that continent' are simply obstacles. 

Therefore today, for the future of the human race, it is more important than ever before that we develop a genuine sense of brotherhood and sisterhood. I usually call this a sense of 'universal responsibility'."


 ~~  H.H. Dalai Lama. (2001.). Dzogchen: The Heart Essence of the Great Perfection. Thupten Jinpa & Richard Barron  (Trans.), Patrick Gaffney (Ed.), foreword by Sogyal Rinpoche.  www.snowlionpub.com 


  

Om_mani.jpg updated: 31 August 2008  

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